Revision 1
Digital Nomad

@namkyu · Aug 29, 2026, 4:43 PM
Added digital nomad income models, minimum setup, remote-work workflow, visa examples, costs, legal requirements, and practical risks.
+29,513−0
+A digital nomad is someone who uses remote work and digital tools to work while living or traveling away from a fixed workplace. Digital nomadism is not a specific job or income model: digital nomads may be employees, freelancers, consultants, creators, or owners of online businesses.
+ 
+# Quick Facts
+ 
+ 
+| Item                          | Details                                                                                    |
+| ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| Main requirement              | Income or work that can be performed remotely                                              |
+| Common income sources         | Remote employment, freelancing, consulting, online business, creator income                |
+| Business required             | No                                                                                         |
+| International travel required | No                                                                                         |
+| Special visa always required  | No; immigration rules depend on destination and nationality                                |
+| Common equipment              | Laptop, phone, reliable internet access                                                    |
+| Major recurring costs         | Accommodation, transport, insurance, connectivity, workspaces                              |
+| Major risks                   | Visa violations, tax exposure, employer restrictions, unstable income, unreliable internet |
+| Digital nomad visa            | Available in many countries, with country-specific income and work requirements            |
+ 
+ 
+Digital nomadism should not be confused with [Freelancing](/wiki/freelancing). A freelancer can work permanently from one location, while a digital nomad can be a conventional salaried employee.
+ 
+# Who Actually Works as a Digital Nomad?
+ 
+The popular image of a digital nomad is a self-employed worker traveling internationally with a laptop, but the population is broader.
+ 
+MBO Partners' 2025 U.S. Digital Nomad study estimated **18.5 million American workers** identified as digital nomads.
+ 
+Of these:
+ 
+- approximately **11.2 million** had traditional jobs;
+- approximately **7.3 million** were independent workers.
+ 
+Traditional employees therefore represented the majority of digital nomads in this U.S. dataset.
+ 
+The number of U.S. digital nomads in the study was 153% higher than in 2019.
+ 
+MBO defines digital nomads for its research more narrowly than casual use of the term. Its study population combines work and travel and includes additional travel-frequency criteria.
+ 
+The figures should therefore be treated as U.S.-specific survey estimates rather than a global count.
+ 
+# How Digital Nomads Make Money
+ 
+There is no separate "digital nomad income."
+ 
+The person must first have an income source that can operate remotely.
+ 
+## Remote employment
+ 
+A salaried employee may work remotely while temporarily or permanently living elsewhere.
+ 
+Examples include employees working in:
+ 
+- software;
+- design;
+- marketing;
+- finance;
+- customer support;
+- sales;
+- consulting;
+- research.
+ 
+The employer remains the source of income.
+ 
+This can provide more predictable earnings than self-employment, but employees may have less freedom over where they can legally or operationally work.
+ 
+## Freelancing
+ 
+[Freelancing](/wiki/freelancing) is one of the most portable income models because digital services can often be delivered from anywhere with sufficient internet access.
+ 
+Common services include:
+ 
+- software development;
+- design;
+- writing;
+- translation;
+- video editing;
+- marketing;
+- consulting;
+- virtual assistance;
+- data analysis.
+ 
+Income depends on clients and rates rather than the location-independent lifestyle itself.
+ 
+## Consulting
+ 
+Independent specialists can sell advice or implementation work remotely.
+ 
+Consulting is particularly compatible with longer stays because meetings, documents, analysis, and deliverables can often be handled online.
+ 
+## Online business
+ 
+A digital nomad may own a business that can be operated remotely.
+ 
+Examples include:
+ 
+- SaaS;
+- e-commerce;
+- digital products;
+- paid communities;
+- online education;
+- agencies;
+- websites.
+ 
+A business can provide greater location independence but may also create more complicated banking, tax, company-registration, and compliance requirements.
+ 
+## Content creation
+ 
+Creators may earn through:
+ 
+- YouTube;
+- Blogging;
+- newsletters;
+- sponsorships;
+- affiliate marketing;
+- subscriptions;
+- digital products.
+ 
+MBO Partners reported that **49% of digital nomads in its 2025 U.S. study earned money in the creator economy**, although this does not mean creator income was necessarily their primary source of income.
+ 
+# Earnings
+ 
+Digital nomads do not have a meaningful universal salary because digital nomadism describes a way of working rather than an occupation.
+ 
+A software engineer working remotely, a freelance translator, and a travel creator may all be digital nomads while having completely different earnings.
+ 
+The more useful calculation is:
+ 
+`Remote income − cost of maintaining the nomadic lifestyle = available income`
+ 
+A worker earning US$5,000 per month while spending US$2,000 may have better economics than someone earning US$7,000 while maintaining US$6,500 in monthly travel and living costs.
+ 
+Currency differences can also matter.
+ 
+Some digital nomads earn income from customers or employers in relatively high-income markets while living temporarily in lower-cost locations. MBO Partners describes this as **geo-arbitrage**.
+ 
+However, lower living costs should not be assumed automatically. Short-term accommodation, frequent flights, coworking spaces, insurance, foreign transaction fees, and tourist pricing can make nomadic living more expensive than remaining in one location.
+ 
+# Minimum Entry Setup
+ 
+Becoming a digital nomad does not necessarily require starting a new business.
+ 
+Someone who already has permission to perform an existing job remotely may need little new work equipment.
+ 
+ 
+| Requirement                   | Minimum option                    | Cost                     | Priority                         | Notes                                       |
+| ----------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------: | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
+| Remote income                 | Existing remote job or clients    | $0 additional            | Essential                        | Must continue while traveling               |
+| Laptop                        | Existing laptop                   | $0 additional            | Essential for most work          | Requirements depend on profession           |
+| Smartphone                    | Existing phone                    | $0 additional            | Recommended                      | Communication, authentication, connectivity |
+| Internet                      | Accommodation Wi-Fi               | Included where available | Essential                        | Backup connection recommended               |
+| Cloud communication           | Existing/free tools               | Free                     | Essential for many jobs          | Employer may provide them                   |
+| International payment account | Existing bank account             | $0 additional            | Optional                         | Depends on work and destination             |
+| Insurance                     | Existing qualifying coverage      | $0 additional            | Recommended / sometimes required | Visa requirements differ                    |
+| Coworking space               | Accommodation or public workspace | $0 additional            | Optional                         | Not required to work remotely               |
+ 
+ 
+This table excludes accommodation and transportation because those are travel and living expenses rather than universal business-entry costs.
+ 
+The true minimum requirement is **a sustainable remote income source plus legal permission to work from the chosen location**.
+ 
+# Before Becoming a Digital Nomad
+ 
+## 1. Establish remote income first
+ 
+Traveling does not create remote income.
+ 
+Someone planning to become a nomad should ideally establish one of the following before relying on the lifestyle financially:
+ 
+- remote employment;
+- recurring freelance clients;
+- consulting contracts;
+- a functioning online business;
+- another location-independent income source.
+ 
+Attempting to build income only after arriving abroad increases financial risk.
+ 
+## 2. Confirm that the work can actually be done remotely
+ 
+Consider whether the work requires:
+ 
+- physical meetings;
+- local equipment;
+- secure company networks;
+- specific working hours;
+- regulated data access;
+- access to physical products;
+- frequent travel back to an office.
+ 
+A technically remote job may not be compatible with unrestricted international travel.
+ 
+## 3. Check employer permission
+ 
+Remote employment does not automatically mean:
+ 
+`work from any country`
+ 
+A company may allow home working but restrict international remote work because of:
+ 
+- tax obligations;
+- payroll rules;
+- immigration;
+- data protection;
+- insurance;
+- employment law;
+- cybersecurity;
+- time-zone requirements.
+ 
+MBO Partners reported that **13% of U.S. digital nomads with traditional jobs in its 2025 study said their employer did not know they were working nomadically**.
+ 
+Another **18%** said their company had no digital nomad policy but their manager had given permission.
+ 
+Working from another jurisdiction without proper company approval can create risk for both employee and employer.
+ 
+## 4. Check immigration rules
+ 
+Being permitted to enter a country as a tourist does not automatically establish the right to work there remotely.
+ 
+Rules differ substantially by:
+ 
+- nationality;
+- destination;
+- duration;
+- employment structure;
+- source of income;
+- local clients;
+- visa type.
+ 
+Some countries specifically offer residence or visa arrangements for remote workers.
+ 
+Others do not.
+ 
+## 5. Check tax exposure
+ 
+Immigration status and tax residence are separate issues.
+ 
+A person may be legally allowed to stay somewhere while still becoming subject to tax reporting or other tax obligations.
+ 
+Factors can include:
+ 
+- number of days in the country;
+- permanent home;
+- center of economic interests;
+- employment arrangement;
+- company ownership;
+- tax treaties;
+- local-source income.
+ 
+Do not assume that being paid into a foreign bank account prevents local tax obligations.
+ 
+## 6. Arrange insurance
+ 
+Health or travel insurance may be financially useful and can also be required for some digital nomad visa applications.
+ 
+Coverage should be checked for:
+ 
+- destination countries;
+- medical treatment;
+- emergency evacuation;
+- long stays;
+- home-country visits;
+- pre-existing conditions;
+- electronics where needed.
+ 
+Standard short-trip insurance may not necessarily be appropriate for someone living abroad for months.
+ 
+## 7. Set up payment access
+ 
+A worker who moves internationally may need to:
+ 
+- receive payments in foreign currencies;
+- access bank accounts abroad;
+- convert currencies;
+- pay local expenses;
+- receive authentication codes;
+- maintain access to payment processors.
+ 
+Do not depend on a single card or payment method while traveling.
+ 
+# Digital Nomad Visas
+ 
+A digital nomad visa is generally an immigration route designed for people who perform remote work for employers, clients, or businesses primarily outside the destination country.
+ 
+There is no global digital nomad visa.
+ 
+Eligibility and terminology vary considerably.
+ 
+MBO Partners reported in its 2025 study that **64 countries had created digital nomad visa programs**.
+ 
+That figure is a research estimate rather than a permanent count; visa programs can be introduced, changed, or discontinued.
+ 
+# Country Examples
+ 
+The following examples demonstrate how different digital nomad programs can be.
+ 
+They should not be treated as universal requirements.
+ 
+## Estonia
+ 
+Estonia offers a long-stay visa route for teleworking.
+ 
+Estonia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs currently lists required financial means for digital nomad teleworking at:
+ 
+**€132 per day, or €3,960 per month.**
+ 
+The applicant must also meet the applicable remote-work and visa requirements.
+ 
+Estonia's digital nomad framework can apply to people working remotely for:
+ 
+- a foreign employer;
+- their own company registered outside Estonia;
+- foreign clients as a freelancer.
+ 
+Estonian e-Residency is separate from the Digital Nomad Visa.
+ 
+An e-Resident does not automatically receive permission to live in Estonia.
+ 
+## Croatia
+ 
+Croatia permits qualifying third-country nationals to obtain temporary stay as digital nomads.
+ 
+Applicants must demonstrate remote work for:
+ 
+- a foreign employer; or
+- their own company outside Croatia.
+ 
+Croatia's Ministry of the Interior currently states a minimum financial requirement of **€3,622.50 per month**.
+ 
+For a 12-month stay, an applicant can alternatively demonstrate at least **€43,470** already available.
+ 
+The program also requires evidence including:
+ 
+- health insurance;
+- the purpose of remote work;
+- sufficient funds;
+- criminal-record documentation;
+- a Croatian address.
+ 
+These figures can change because the financial threshold is linked to Croatian salary data.
+ 
+## Spain
+ 
+Spain offers an international teleworking visa.
+ 
+For 2026, Spain's consular guidance states that the principal applicant must demonstrate financial resources equal to **200% of Spain's minimum wage**, currently:
+ 
+**€2,442 per month.**
+ 
+The first accompanying family member requires an additional **€916 per month**, and each additional family member requires **€306 per month** under the 2026 figures published by the Spanish consular authorities.
+ 
+Applicants must also satisfy professional, employment or business, insurance/social-security, and documentation requirements.
+ 
+The applicable procedure differs depending on the applicant's circumstances.
+ 
+# Tourist Stays vs Long-Term Remote Residence
+ 
+Someone traveling visa-free should still understand the permitted duration of stay.
+ 
+For example, many non-EU travelers entering the Schengen Area for short stays are limited to:
+ 
+**90 days in any 180-day period.**
+ 
+The rule applies across the relevant Schengen countries collectively rather than providing 90 days in each country.
+ 
+Nationality and residence status can change the applicable rules.
+ 
+The right to enter for a short stay should not be interpreted as automatic authorization for every type of remote work.
+ 
+# Practical Workflow
+ 
+## 1. Build or secure remote income
+ 
+First establish:
+ 
+- employment;
+- freelance clients;
+- consulting;
+- online-business revenue;
+- another remote income source.
+ 
+## 2. Choose a destination based on work requirements
+ 
+Evaluate more than tourism.
+ 
+Important factors include:
+ 
+- immigration rules;
+- internet quality;
+- time zone;
+- accommodation;
+- personal safety;
+- healthcare;
+- cost of living;
+- banking access;
+- employer restrictions;
+- tax implications.
+ 
+## 3. Determine legal stay options
+ 
+Check the destination government's immigration information.
+ 
+Possible routes may include:
+ 
+- visa-free short stay;
+- tourist visa;
+- digital nomad visa;
+- remote-worker residence permit;
+- working holiday;
+- ordinary residence permit.
+ 
+Do not rely solely on travel blogs for current immigration requirements.
+ 
+## 4. Arrange accommodation
+ 
+Short-term hotels can become expensive for longer stays.
+ 
+Common options include:
+ 
+- monthly apartment rentals;
+- serviced apartments;
+- hotels;
+- hostels;
+- coliving;
+- extended-stay accommodation.
+ 
+Before booking a long stay, verify whether the accommodation provides a workspace and sufficiently reliable internet.
+ 
+Some visa applications also require evidence of a local address.
+ 
+## 5. Arrange primary and backup internet
+ 
+Internet is work infrastructure for most digital nomads.
+ 
+Possible connections include:
+ 
+- accommodation Wi-Fi;
+- local SIM;
+- eSIM;
+- smartphone hotspot;
+- coworking internet.
+ 
+Someone whose income depends on uninterrupted calls or uploads should avoid relying on one untested connection.
+ 
+## 6. Secure accounts and devices
+ 
+Useful practices include:
+ 
+- device encryption;
+- two-factor authentication;
+- backup authentication methods;
+- cloud or external backups;
+- screen locks;
+- remote device tracking;
+- separate work and personal accounts where appropriate.
+ 
+Company employees may have additional security requirements.
+ 
+## 7. Maintain payment redundancy
+ 
+Travel with access to more than one payment method where practical.
+ 
+International services such as Wise can provide multi-currency payment and conversion features in supported countries, but availability varies by residence and account type.
+ 
+Wise currently states that personal account registration is free and that international transfer charges vary by currency, with some transfers starting from **0.47%**.
+ 
+This is one provider example rather than a requirement for digital nomads.
+ 
+## 8. Establish a work routine
+ 
+Travel time consumes working time.
+ 
+When changing destinations frequently, working hours may be lost to:
+ 
+- flights;
+- ground transportation;
+- accommodation changes;
+- check-in and check-out;
+- connectivity problems;
+- immigration procedures.
+ 
+Longer stays reduce the frequency of these interruptions.
+ 
+MBO Partners found that U.S. digital nomads in its 2025 study visited an average of **6.2 locations** during the year and stayed an average of **6.4 weeks per location**.
+ 
+Both figures moved toward fewer locations and longer stays compared with previous years.
+ 
+# Costs
+ 
+Digital nomad costs divide into normal work expenses and expenses created by mobility.
+ 
+# Accommodation
+ 
+Accommodation is usually one of the largest expenses.
+ 
+The amount varies too widely across locations, seasons, property types, and booking methods to give a useful universal monthly figure.
+ 
+Frequent short stays can cost more than normal local long-term rent.
+ 
+# Transportation
+ 
+Costs can include:
+ 
+- flights;
+- trains;
+- buses;
+- taxis;
+- airport transportation;
+- baggage;
+- visas or border trips.
+ 
+Changing destinations less frequently can reduce these costs.
+ 
+# Connectivity
+ 
+Potential expenses include:
+ 
+- local SIM plans;
+- eSIM plans;
+- roaming;
+- coworking;
+- backup data plans.
+ 
+The cheapest option depends on destination and length of stay.
+ 
+# Coworking
+ 
+A coworking membership is optional.
+ 
+Some digital nomads work from:
+ 
+- accommodation;
+- hotel lounges;
+- libraries;
+- cafés;
+- private offices.
+ 
+Others pay for coworking because they need reliable internet, meeting rooms, ergonomic workspaces, or separation between home and work.
+ 
+# Insurance
+ 
+International health or travel insurance can become a meaningful recurring expense.
+ 
+As one current commercial example, SafetyWing lists its Nomad Insurance Essential plan for ages 18–39 at **US$62.72 per four weeks**.
+ 
+Its broader Complete plan for the same age group is currently **US$177.50/mo** before optional coverage.
+ 
+These are prices from one insurer and should not be treated as typical global insurance costs.
+ 
+Coverage terms matter more than price alone.
+ 
+# Visa and document costs
+ 
+Possible expenses include:
+ 
+- visa fee;
+- residence permit;
+- passport renewal;
+- criminal background check;
+- apostille;
+- certified translation;
+- health insurance;
+- document courier;
+- professional immigration assistance.
+ 
+Requirements vary substantially by country.
+ 
+# Taxes
+ 
+Taxes can become one of the largest financial differences between nomadic arrangements.
+ 
+The applicable amount cannot be inferred simply from the destination's advertised tax rate.
+ 
+It can depend on:
+ 
+- tax residence;
+- citizenship;
+- employment structure;
+- business entity;
+- tax treaty;
+- source of income;
+- social-security rules.
+ 
+Professional tax advice may become worthwhile when working across multiple jurisdictions or operating a company internationally.
+ 
+# Software, Services &amp; Tools
+ 
+ 
+| Tool / service          | Cost                       | Main use                                       | Required?                        |
+| ----------------------- | --------------------------: | ---------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- |
+| Video meeting software  | Free options available     | Client/team meetings                           | Depends on work                  |
+| Cloud storage           | Free tiers available       | File access and backups                        | Recommended                      |
+| Password manager        | Free options available     | Account security                               | Recommended                      |
+| Local SIM / eSIM        | Varies                     | Mobile internet                                | Recommended                      |
+| Wise                    | Free personal registration | Currency conversion and international payments | Optional                         |
+| Coworking               | Varies                     | Reliable workspace                             | Optional                         |
+| International insurance | Varies                     | Medical/travel protection                      | Recommended / sometimes required |
+ 
+ 
+A digital nomad does not need a large collection of specialist "nomad" subscriptions.
+ 
+The essential tools are whatever is needed to keep the underlying work functioning reliably.
+ 
+# Requirements
+ 
+# Remote-compatible income
+ 
+The person needs work that can continue independently of a fixed physical workplace.
+ 
+This is the fundamental requirement.
+ 
+# Legal permission to stay
+ 
+The traveler must comply with the destination country's immigration rules.
+ 
+The relevant status depends on nationality and circumstances.
+ 
+# Permission to work remotely
+ 
+Immigration permission, employer permission, and tax compliance can be separate questions.
+ 
+Employees should specifically confirm whether their company allows work from the intended country.
+ 
+# Financial requirements
+ 
+Some digital nomad visa programs impose minimum-income requirements.
+ 
+Current examples include:
+ 
+ 
+| Country | Current example requirement                                 |
+| ------- | -----------------------------------------------------------: |
+| Estonia | €3,960/mo equivalent financial means for teleworking D visa |
+| Croatia | €3,622.50/mo                                                |
+| Spain   | €2,442/mo for principal applicant in 2026                   |
+ 
+ 
+These programs use different eligibility rules and calculations. The table is for comparison only.
+ 
+# Health insurance
+ 
+Some residence programs require proof of qualifying coverage.
+ 
+Croatia, for example, requires proof of health insurance covering Croatia as part of its digital nomad temporary-stay application.
+ 
+# Risks / Things to Know
+ 
+## A remote job may not permit international remote work
+ 
+A company can permit remote working from home while prohibiting work from another country.
+ 
+Ignoring the distinction can expose the employee and employer to immigration, employment, tax, and cybersecurity problems.
+ 
+## Tourist status does not solve every legal issue
+ 
+Being legally admitted into a country does not automatically establish the legality of all work arrangements.
+ 
+Nomads planning longer stays or regular international work should investigate the specific immigration rules rather than assuming tourism rules cover remote employment.
+ 
+## Tax residency can become complicated
+ 
+Moving between countries does not automatically make someone tax-free.
+ 
+Time spent in a jurisdiction, employment relationships, residence ties, company ownership, and tax treaties may all affect obligations.
+ 
+## Income can become unstable
+ 
+Independent digital nomads face the normal risks of freelancing and online business alongside travel costs.
+ 
+A decline in clients or revenue can become more difficult to manage when accommodation and transportation have already been prepaid.
+ 
+## Connectivity failures can directly affect revenue
+ 
+Internet failure is an inconvenience for a traveler but can be a business interruption for someone whose income depends on online work.
+ 
+Backup connectivity matters particularly for:
+ 
+- client calls;
+- remote servers;
+- live support;
+- trading;
+- large uploads;
+- fixed-time meetings.
+ 
+## Time-zone differences can make some destinations impractical
+ 
+A worker with clients in New York may need to take meetings at night while living in East Asia.
+ 
+A theoretically location-independent job can therefore still have a practical geographic limit.
+ 
+## Frequent travel can reduce productivity
+ 
+MBO Partners' 2025 U.S. survey found common reported challenges including:
+ 
+- being away from family and friends: **26%**;
+- financial stress: **26%**;
+- personal-safety concerns: **25%**;
+- travel burnout: **23%**;
+- time-zone difficulties: **21%**;
+- loneliness: **19%**.
+ 
+Only **11%** of current digital nomads in the study had maintained the lifestyle for more than five years.
+ 
+MBO estimated that roughly **19–22%** return to a more traditional lifestyle each year.
+ 
+These are U.S. survey findings rather than global rates, but they show that long-term nomadic work has practical costs beyond travel spending.
+ 
+# Frequently Asked Questions
+ 
+## Do you need to be a freelancer to become a digital nomad?
+ 
+No.
+ 
+MBO Partners' 2025 U.S. research estimated 11.2 million digital nomads had traditional jobs compared with 7.3 million independent digital nomads.
+ 
+Freelancing is only one way to obtain portable income.
+ 
+## Can you become a digital nomad with a normal remote job?
+ 
+Potentially, but the employer must allow the arrangement.
+ 
+A remote-employment contract does not necessarily permit working from arbitrary foreign countries. Employers may impose restrictions because of tax, immigration, security, employment-law, or time-zone issues.
+ 
+## Do digital nomads need a visa?
+ 
+It depends on nationality, destination, duration, and the type of work.
+ 
+Short trips may fall under visa-free or visitor rules for some travelers, while longer stays may require a residence permit or dedicated remote-worker visa.
+ 
+Some countries now provide specific digital nomad programs.
+ 
+## How much money do you need to become a digital nomad?
+ 
+There is no universal minimum.
+ 
+Someone traveling domestically while keeping an existing remote job may require almost no additional work-related startup spending.
+ 
+International digital nomad visa programs can impose much higher income requirements. For example, current official requirements include €3,960 per month for Estonia's teleworking long-stay visa, €3,622.50 per month for Croatia's digital nomad stay, and €2,442 per month for Spain's 2026 international teleworker requirement.
+ 
+## Can digital nomads work from Europe for 90 days?
+ 
+Many non-EU nationals using the Schengen short-stay regime are limited to **90 days in any 180-day period** across the Schengen Area.
+ 
+However, entry rights and permission to perform remote work are separate issues. The applicable rules depend on nationality, country, and work arrangement.
+ 
+## Do digital nomads pay taxes?
+ 
+Digital nomad status does not create a universal tax exemption.
+ 
+A person can have tax obligations in their home country, destination country, or both depending on residence rules, citizenship, income source, treaties, employment, and company structure.
+ 
+## Do you need travel insurance?
+ 
+Not universally, but it can be practically important and some visa or residence programs specifically require qualifying insurance.
+ 
+The policy needs to cover the countries, duration, and activities involved.
+ 
+## Do you need a coworking space?
+ 
+No.
+ 
+Many digital nomads work from accommodation or other suitable locations.
+ 
+Coworking becomes useful when reliable internet, meeting rooms, ergonomic equipment, professional surroundings, or social interaction justify the expense.
+ 
+## What jobs are suitable for digital nomads?
+ 
+Remote-compatible fields commonly include:
+ 
+- software and IT;
+- design;
+- marketing;
+- sales;
+- writing;
+- consulting;
+- accounting and finance;
+- research;
+- customer support;
+- content creation.
+ 
+MBO Partners' 2025 U.S. research found information technology, creative services, sales, marketing and communications, finance and accounting, research and development, and consulting among common digital-nomad professions.
+ 
+# Sources
+ 
+- [MBO Partners — 2025 Digital Nomads Trends Report](https://www.mbopartners.com/state-of-independence/digital-nomads)
+- [Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs — Application for a Long-Stay D Visa](https://www.vm.ee/en/consular-visa-and-travel-information/visa-information/application-long-stay-d-visa)
+- [Estonia e-Residency — Digital Nomad Visa](https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/nomadvisa/)
+- [Croatian Ministry of the Interior — Temporary Stay of Digital Nomads](https://mup.gov.hr/aliens-281621/stay-and-work/temporary-stay-of-digital-nomads/286833)
+- [Embassy of Spain — Telework Visa, 2026 Requirements](https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Consulados/washington/en/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/Consular/Telework-visa.aspx)
+- [Embassy of Spain in Seoul — Telework Visa](https://www.exteriores.gob.es/Embajadas/seul/ko/ServiciosConsulares/Paginas/Telework-visa.aspx)
+- [EUR-Lex — Schengen Border Rules](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/EN/legal-content/summary/rules-on-crossing-eu-borders.html)
+- [Wise — Personal Fees and Pricing](https://wise.com/kr/pricing/)
+- [SafetyWing — Nomad Insurance](https://safetywing.com/nomad-insurance)